Educational Supervision: Models, Approaches, and Techniques in Enhancing Teacher Professionalism and Learning Quality.

Abstract

Improving the quality of education depends on teacher professionalism and the effectiveness of the learning process. Educational supervision has a strategic role in this effort, functioning not only as administrative supervision but also as professional guidance to help teachers identify strengths and weaknesses, and plan for continuous improvement. This article examines various models, approaches, and techniques of supervision that are relevant in supporting teacher professionalism and learning quality. The research was conducted through a literature study by analyzing relevant and current literature. The results of the study indicate that educational supervision develops through several models such as collaborative, clinical, collaborative educational, digital, contemporary, and monitoring-evaluation-based supervision. In addition, supervision can be carried out with directive, non-directive, and collaborative approaches, accompanied by individual and group techniques. With a more comprehensive understanding of various models, approaches, and techniques of supervision, it is hoped that supervision practices can be optimized to encourage the development of teacher professionalism and better learning quality.